OPINION AND ORDER

STANCEU, Judge:

In this action, plaintiff Union Steel Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ("Union") contests a final determination ("Final Results") issued by the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or the "Department"), in the thirteenth administrative review of an antidumping duty order on imports of certain corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products ("CORE" products or "CORE") from the Republic of Korea ("Korea"). Compl.; See Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Notice of Final Results of the Thirteenth Admin. Review, 73 Fed.Reg. 14,220 (Mar. 17, 2008) ("Final Results"). The thirteenth review applied to imports of Korean CORE ("subject merchandise") entered during the period of August 1, 2005 through July 31, 2006 (the "period of review" or "POR"). Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 14,220. Union challenges the Department's determination in the Final Results that subject non-laminated, painted CORE products sold in the United States and laminated CORE products plaintiff sold in the home market of Korea could be compared as products "identical in physical characteristics" within the meaning of section 771(16)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930 ("Tariff Act"), 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A) (2006), a determination the court held unlawful in an opinion and order issued earlier this year. Union Steel v. United States, 35 CIT ___, 753 F.Supp.2d 1317 (2011) ("Union III"). Union also challenges the Department's use of the "zeroing methodology"1 in the thirteenth administrative review, which use the court, in ruling on the Department's first redetermination upon remand ("First Remand Results"), upheld in an opinion and order issued in 2009. Union Steel v. United States, 33 CIT ___, 645 F.Supp.2d 1298 (2009) ("Union II"); Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand (Dec. 28, 2009), ECF No. 79 ("First Remand Results").

Before the court is the Department's determination in response to the court's second remand order ("Second Remand Results"), in which the Department, reversing the position it took in the Final Results and in the First Remand Results, determined that subject non-laminated, painted CORE may not lawfully be compared to laminated CORE as products identical in physical characteristics. Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand 5-8 (April 11, 2011), ECF No. 143 ("Second Remand Results"). As a result of this change in position, Commerce decreased Union's weighted-average dumping margin from 4.35% to 3.59%. Id. at 20. Also before the court is Union's motion requesting that the court reconsider the decision in Union II affirming the Department's use of zeroing in the thirteenth administrative review, which motion Union bases on a decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("Court of Appeals") issued after the Final Results and the court's Union II decision. Pl. Union Steel's Mot. for Reconsideration (April 5, 2011), ECF No. 142 ("Pl.'s Mot.").

The court affirms the Department's determination that subject non-laminated CORE may not be compared with laminated CORE sold in the home market as merchandise that is identical in physical characteristics. In response to Union's motion for reconsideration, the court sets aside its previous affirmance of the Department's decision to apply zeroing in the thirteenth administrative review and determines that a remand is appropriate under which Commerce must reconsider that decision.

I. BACKGROUND

Background on this litigation is set forth in the court's prior opinions and orders and supplemented herein. Union Steel v. United States, 617 F.Supp.2d 1373, 1375-78 (C.I.T. 2009) ("Union I"); Union II, 33 CIT at ____, 645 F.Supp.2d at 1300-02; Union III, 35 CIT at ____, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1319-1320.

Plaintiff filed its motion for reconsideration on April 5, 2011, relying on the decision of the Court of Appeals in Dongbu Steel Co. v. United States, 635 F.3d 1363 (Fed.Cir.2011). Pl.'s Mot. On May 9, 2011, defendant and defendant-intervenors Nucor Corporation ("Nucor") and United States Steel Corporation ("U.S. Steel") opposed this motion. Def.'s Resp. in Opp'n to Pl. Union Steel's Mot. for Reconsideration (May 9, 2011), ECF No. 151 ("Def.'s Opp'n"); Def.-intervenor's Opp'n to Union Steel's Mot. for Reconsideration (May 9, 2011), ECF No. 149 ("Nucor's Opp'n"); Mem. of Def.-intervenor United States Steel Corp. in Opp'n to Pl. Union Steel's Mot. for Reconsideration (May 9, 2011), ECF No. 150 ("U.S. Steel's Opp'n").

The Department filed the Second Remand Results on April 11, 2011, in response to the court's remand order in Union III. Second Remand Results; Union III, 35 CIT at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1333. Plaintiff commented in support of the Second Remand Results on May 11, 2011. Pl. Union Steel's Comments on the U.S. Dept. of Commerce's April 11, 2011 Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand (May 11, 2011), ECF No. 152. On May 12, 2011, defendant-intervenors filed comments in opposition to the Second Remand Results. Nucor Corp.'s Comments on Second Remand Results (May 12, 2011), ECF No. 154 ("Nucor's Comments"); United States Steel Corp.'s Comments on the Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand Issued by the Dept. of Commerce (May 12, 2011), ECF No. 153 ("U.S. Steel's Comments"). On May 26, 2011, defendant filed its reply in support of the Second Remand Results. Def.'s Resp. to Def.-intervenors' Comments on the Dept. of Commerce's Remand Results (May 26, 2011), ECF No. 164. On the same day, Union moved for leave to file a reply in support of the Second Remand Results. Pl. Union Steel's Mot. for Leave to Reply to U.S. Steel Corp. & Nucor Corp.'s May 11, 2011 Comments on the U.S. Dept. of Commerce's April 11, 2011 Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand (May 26, 2011), ECF No. 163.

II. DISCUSSION

The court exercises jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006), pursuant to which the court reviews actions commenced under section 516A of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, including an action contesting the final results of an administrative review that Commerce issues under section 751 of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a). The court "shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law...." 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

A. The Second Remand Results Lawfully Determined that Non-Laminated, Painted CORE Was Not "Identical in Physical Characteristics" to Laminated CORE

In an administrative review, Commerce determines the normal value, the export price or constructed export price, and the dumping margin for each entry of the subject merchandise. 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2). Determining a dumping margin requires Commerce to compare the U.S. sale price with the normal value, which typically is based on the price at which the foreign like product is sold for consumption in the exporting country (the "home market"). 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B). The statute directs in § 1677(16)(A) that Commerce, in determining the foreign like product, first seek to compare a U.S. sale of subject merchandise with a home-market sale of merchandise "which is identical in physical characteristics with, and was produced in the same country by the same person as, that merchandise." Id. § 1677(16)(A). If no such comparison can be satisfactorily made, Commerce, in accordance with § 1677(16)(B), seeks to match the subject merchandise with merchandise produced in the same country, produced by the same person, that is "like that merchandise in component material or materials and in the purposes for which used," and "approximately equal in commercial value to that merchandise." Id. § 1677(16)(B). If the latter comparison cannot be satisfactorily made under § 1677(16)(B), Commerce is to seek to match the subject merchandise under § 1677(16)(C) with merchandise produced in the same country and by the same person that is "of the same general class or kind as the subject merchandise... like that merchandise in the purposes for which used... [and] may reasonably be compared with that merchandise." Id. § 1677(16)(C).

In the Final Results and the First Remand Results, Commerce rejected Union's proposal that laminated CORE comprise a separate type category for model matching purposes and accordingly included laminated CORE within the "other painted" type category. Issues & Decisions Mem., A-580-816, ARP 3-08, at 13-14 (Mar. 10, 2008) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 4563) ("Decision Mem."); First Remand Results 1. As a result, Commerce compared, as merchandise "identical in physical characteristics" for purposes of § 1677(16)(A), subject merchandise consisting of non-laminated, painted CORE with not only home market non-laminated, painted CORE but also with Union's laminated CORE products, which Union sold in the home market, but not in the U.S. market, during the POR. First Remand Results 1; Union III, 35 CIT at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1319-20 (explaining that the Department's determination that these products were the same "model-match type" meant that they were compared as identical under § 1677(16)(A)). Because it considered the comparisons to be of "identical" merchandise, Commerce did not make an adjustment ("difmer adjustment") to account for differences in the costs of manufacturing laminated and non-laminated, painted CORE. Union III, 35 CIT at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1320-22.

The court in Union III held unlawful the Department's decision to compare these two sets of products as products "identical in physical characteristics." 35 CIT at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1333. Citing the Department's statutory obligation, the court stated that "[s]uch comparisons are lawful only if substantial evidence on the record in this case can support a factual determination that the physical characteristics distinguishing laminated CORE products from the `other painted,' i.e., non-laminated, CORE products ... are minor and not commercially significant." Id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1322. The court then determined that substantial record evidence did not support such a factual determination, rejecting the critical findings in the First Remand Results as either insufficiently probative on the question of whether the distinguishing characteristics are minor and not commercially significant or unsupported by substantial record evidence. Id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1323-31. The court found four of the Department's findings to be insufficiently probative on that question: (1) that the sale price of laminated CORE was in the same range as the sale price of non-laminated, painted CORE; (2) that laminated and non-laminated, painted CORE sold at identical prices more frequently in this POR than in the previous POR; (3) that a comparable number of customers bought both sets of products in both the thirteenth review POR and the previous POR; and (4) that the cost of manufacture of laminated CORE was in the same range as the cost of manufacture of non-laminated, painted CORE. Id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1323-25. The court rejected as unsupported by record evidence the finding in the First Remand Results that laminated CORE was not marketed separately from non-laminated, painted CORE, citing record evidence consisting of Union's product brochures. Id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1326-27. The court concluded in Union III that the record as a whole did not support a determination that laminated and non-laminated, painted CORE products were identical in physical characteristics under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A), id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1327-31, set aside the First Remand Results as contrary to law, and ordered a remand, id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1333. The court's remand order explained that the state of the record allowed Commerce two options. The Department's first option was to "reopen the record to reinvestigate the question of whether the physical differences that have been established to exist between laminated and non-laminated, painted CORE products are minor and commercially insignificant." Id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1333. The Department's second option was to "alter the model-match methodology that was applied in the [First Remand Results] so that laminated and non-laminated, painted CORE products are not compared according to 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A)...." Id. at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1333.

In the Second Remand Results, Commerce chose the second option, considering it unnecessary to reopen the record for further investigation. Second Remand Results 4. Noting that the record contained evidence pertaining to the cost of manufacture, sales price, production processes, and marketing of both types of CORE, the Department stated that "sufficient factual information already exists on the record for the Department to determine whether the physical differences distinguishing laminated CORE products and non-laminated, painted CORE products are minor and not commercially significant." Id. at 3-4. Upon reconsidering the record evidence, Commerce determined that the two groups of products were not identical in physical characteristics. Id. at 4. Commerce based this determination on four findings: (1) the two product groups are distinguished by significant physical differences, id. at 5 ("[L]aminated CORE products by their very nature are not painted products" and "are coated by attaching a plastic film to a CORE substrate...)"; (2) "the cost of production for laminated CORE products is higher than other non-laminated, painted CORE products," id. at 6; (3) "the unit price for laminated CORE products is considerably higher than the unit price of non-laminated, painted CORE products," id.; and (4) laminated and non-laminated products are marketed differently, the record evidence having demonstrated that "Union and Unico (Union's affiliate) both differentiate between laminated CORE products and non-laminated, painted CORE products in their brochures," id. at 6-7.

The Department's determination on remand not to compare laminated and non-laminated, painted CORE as products "identical in physical characteristics," 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A), rests on essential factual findings that are supported by substantial evidence on the record. Specifically, the evidence justified the Department's findings that the two groups of products differed physically (because of the presence of laminate as opposed to paint) and also differed as to cost of manufacture, sales price, production processes, and marketing. The record evidence, considered on the whole, supported the finding that the physical differences had commercial significance. As the court explained in Union III, the record lacks substantial evidence to support the contrary determination that the physical differences are minor and commercially insignificant. Union III, 35 CIT at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1332-33.

Defendant intervenors advance several reasons why they believe the court should not affirm the Department's decision as set forth in the Second Remand Results. The court rejects these arguments.

Nucor argues that the Department's decision is arbitrary and not supported by substantial evidence, alleging that "[t]he Department has failed to explain why the record evidence that it previously found unconvincing or inconclusive now—after two court remands—provides a sufficient basis to make a model-match change." Nucor's Comments 3-4. The Second Remand Results, contrary to Nucor's characterizations, not only are supported by substantial evidence but contain a satisfactory explanation, grounded in the four specific findings the court recounted above, of why the record evidence is sufficient to support an ultimate determination that the two groups of products are not "identical in physical characteristics" within the meaning of the statute. See Second Remand Results 5-7. Regarding the justification for changing the model-match methodology, Commerce identified a compelling reason: its obligation "to comply with the statutory requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A)." Id. at 8.

Nucor argues, further, that in light of the Department's reversing its findings on the same record, "[a]t a minimum, the Court should order the Department, on remand, to re-open the record and collect additional information on the model-match issue." Nucor's Comments 7. The court does not have a basis to order Commerce to reopen the record. As the court's decision in Union III recognized, Commerce has the discretion to reopen or not reopen the record in the circumstances presented here. The court emphasized that the record as it now exists does not support a finding that the physical differences between the two groups of products are minor and commercially insignificant. Union III, 35 CIT at ___, 753 F.Supp.2d at 1327-31. In contrast, the record contains substantial evidence to support each of the essential findings underlying the Department's determination in the Second Remand Results. In brief summary, the record reveals significant physical differences, including the major difference that laminated products are not painted products, and it contains substantial evidence that the differences have commercial significance.

Next, Nucor argues (as does U.S. Steel) that the Department's analysis was insufficient because the Second Remand Results do not explain the Department's abandoning its prior positions in these proceedings. U.S. Steel Comments 8-11; Nucor's Comments 4-7. This argument is based on the misguided premise that Commerce is obligated to provide some explanation, beyond that included in the Second Remand Results, for departing from positions the court has rejected. U.S. Steel also directs the court's attention to inconsistencies between the Second Remand Results and prior briefing in this action, U.S. Steel's Comments 10 (citing Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s Post-Oral Argument Comments on Commerce's Remand Determination 8-9 (Sept. 24, 2010), ECF No. 130). Contrary to the implied premise of U.S. Steel's argument, Commerce has no obligation to justify departures from prior litigation positions used to defend unlawful determinations.

Finally, Nucor objects that Commerce is reversing its position "based on the data and views of one CORE producer" who "only began challenging the Department's model-match before this Court after the 13th review," and that "there is no evidence on the record that the model-match hierarchy proposed by Union is representative of the Korean CORE industry, let alone the CORE industry as a whole." Nucor's Comments 6-7. Nucor submits that approval of Union's proposal "has the potential to encourage future manipulation of the model-match criteria by respondents." Id. at 7. The court finds no merit in this wide-ranging objection. Union unquestionably has the right under section 516A of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, to challenge as contrary to 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A) the Department's model-match methodology as applied to its own products in the thirteenth review. As the Second Remand Results acknowledge, that methodology was applied in the review based on an unlawful determination, i.e., that the non-laminated, painted CORE that Union sold in the United States during the POR and the laminated CORE that Union sold in its home market during the POR satisfied the statutory "identical in physical characteristics" standard. Union, therefore, qualifies for a remedy upon judicial review of the Final Results under which the two product groups would no longer be compared as identical. With respect to Nucor's warning of "future manipulation," Commerce correctly responded in the Second Remand Results when Nucor made this same point in comments to the Department, stating that it was bound by the definition of "foreign like product" in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A) and that "[i]n this particular case, record evidence supports the Department's decision to treat laminated CORE products as a separate type in its margin analysis." Second Remand Results 11.

U.S. Steel argues that Commerce failed to apply the correct legal standard in determining that the physical differences are commercially significant. U.S. Steel's Comments 4-7. According to U.S. Steel, the correct legal standard, as sustained by the Court of Appeals in Pesquera Mares Australes Ltda. v. United States, 266 F.3d 1372, 1385 (Fed.Cir.2001), is an "industry-wide" standard under which the physical differences must be recognized as commercially significant by an industry as a whole rather than by only an individual producer. U.S. Steel's Comments 5. U.S. Steel argues that Commerce erred in the Second Remand Results when it "did not apply the industry-wide standard" and instead "based its analysis solely on Union's cost of production, prices and product brochures." Id. U.S. Steel argues that "like the case in Pesquera, here there was absolutely no evidence of industry-wide acceptance of the difference between paints and laminates as a commercially meaningful difference." Id. at 5-6. This was legal error, U.S. Steel maintains, because Commerce was obliged to supply a reasoned analysis upon changing its prior policies and standards and because the Court of Appeals "determined that commercial significance was properly based on industry-wide standards, rather than the claims of a single producer or individual customer preferences, in order to avoid the risk of manipulation." Id. at 6-7.

U.S. Steel's argument misconstrues the holding in Pesquera. In that decision, the Court of Appeals cited approvingly the Department's relying on industry-wide standards for concluding that there was no commercially significant difference between "premium" salmon and "super-premium" salmon. Pesquera, 266 F.3d at 1385. The Court of Appeals opined on the advantage of industry-wide standards in the context of the issue before it, which arose because the two grades of salmon were shown by record evidence to differ in only minor, commercially insignificant respects, such as the presence of certain minor aesthetic flaws. Id. at 1383-85. The Court of Appeals upheld the Department's comparing as identical sales of salmon meeting a quality grade of "super premium" with sales of salmon meeting only the quality grade of "premium" because Commerce found that most industry participants did not distinguish between the two grades, which finding was supported by substantial evidence. Id. Pesquera does not hold that Commerce must find a basis in commercially-established, industry-wide product standards before concluding that any two groups of products are not "identical in physical characteristics" within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A).

U.S. Steel is also incorrect in arguing that Commerce erred by departing from a past policy or standard without a reasoned analysis. U.S. Steel's Comments 6-7. U.S. Steel overlooks the essential point that the court already has held contrary to law the "past policy or standard," i.e., the existing CORE model-match methodology, as that methodology was applied to Union's products in the thirteenth review. The argument also mischaracterizes the Second Remand Results. Commerce, whether or not required to do so, gave a compelling reason for changing its established model-match methodology for CORE in response to the court's remand order, i.e., the need to comply with the requirement that merchandise compared under § 1677(16)(A) be identical in physical characteristics. See Second Remand Results 11.

Finally, U.S. Steel argues that the Second Remand Results inadequately analyze the factual record, impermissibly reaching, on the same evidence, findings of fact that are the opposites of those on which Commerce based its earlier decision. U.S. Steel's Comments 4-11. According to U.S. Steel, "Commerce has simply recited facts that it previously rejected and has decided to rely on them without any analysis" and "at the very least should have reserved decision on the model match question and re-opened the record." Id. at 11. U.S. Steel urges that "[at] a minimum, Commerce must now be required to explain how evidence that was previously found to be insufficient, inconclusive or distortive can now constitute substantial evidence and serve as the basis for its determination." Id. at 11-12. This argument is meritless. The court already has found contrary to law—either as non-probative or unsupported by the record—the principal factual findings upon which Commerce reached its earlier determination. As the court discussed previously, Commerce permissibly decided against reopening the record, correctly concluding that the record contained substantial evidence to support a finding that non-laminated, painted CORE and laminated CORE are distinguished by significant physical differences, and for a finding that those physical differences have commercial significance. On remand, Commerce did not act contrary to law in reaching new findings based on the same evidentiary record.

Addressing individual findings by Commerce, U.S. Steel argues the Department's finding that laminated CORE was typically more expensive to produce than non-laminated, painted CORE not only was a "complete about-face" from the First Remand Results but also unsupported by substantial evidence. Id. at 11. This argument fails because substantial evidence is present on the record to support the finding. In both its original and supplemental questionnaire responses, Union stated that producing laminated CORE costs more than producing painted CORE due to more expensive raw materials and more complicated processing. Letter from Union to the Sec'y of Commerce 6 (Nov. 20, 2006) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 3944) ("Union's Questionnaire Resp."); Letter from Union to the Sec'y of Commerce 20 (Feb. 2, 2007) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 4036) ("Union's Supplemental Questionnaire Resp.") ("Because PET film and PVC film are more expensive than the various paints used for other color coated products, including PVDF, and require more complicated processing know-how, the production cost and sales price are higher than other painted products."). Quantitative data also support this finding. The record contains data showing that in comparisons of thirty-nine sets of otherwise identical CORE products, in thirty-four instances the laminated products were more expensive to produce than the non-laminated, painted CORE products. See Pl. Union Steel's Post-Oral Argument Comments on Commerce's Remand Determination 9 n. 5 & attachment 1 (Aug. 20, 2010), ECF No. 119.

U.S. Steel also contends, inaccurately, that Commerce improperly construed evidence that laminated and non-laminated, painted CORE go through separate production processes as establishing that these products had commercially significant physical differences. U.S. Steel's Comments 9-10. Commerce did not base its conclusion of commercial significance solely on the "the fact that different production processes happen to be used," id. at 9, but determined instead that different production processes resulted in the physical differences that, for various reasons grounded in record evidence, were commercially significant, Second Remand Results 10 ("Union's questionnaire responses, price and cost data, and product brochures all indicate that the physical differences between laminated CORE products and non-laminated, painted CORE products are neither minor nor commercially insignificant.").

For the reasons discussed in the foregoing, the court must affirm the determination in the Second Remand Results that the subject non-laminated, painted CORE may not be compared under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16)(A) with home-market laminated CORE as merchandise identical in physical characteristics. Based on the Department's valid findings and the reasoning set forth in the Second Remand Results, the court affirms as the appropriate corrective action the Department's decision to classify the laminated CORE products as a separate type category and thereby exclude Union's home market sales of this laminated CORE from the respective comparisons. The court will deny as moot plaintiff's motion for leave to file a reply to the comments filed by the defendant-intervenors.

B. The Court Reconsiders its Prior Decision Upholding the Use of Zeroing in the Thirteenth Review and Orders an Appropriate Remand

Plaintiff requests that the court reconsider the decision in Union II affirming the Department's use of zeroing methodology in the thirteenth administrative review, arguing that the decision of the Court of Appeals in Dongbu Steel Co. v. United States, issued after the court's decision in Union II, now establishes that the court's decision affirming zeroing in Union II was incorrect. Pl.'s Mot. 1-2. In Union II, the court relied on decisions of the Court of Appeals upholding the Department's use of zeroing in administrative reviews despite the Department's having ceased applying the zeroing methodology in original investigations. Union II, 33 CIT at ___, 645 F.Supp.2d at 1306-09 (citing Corus Staal BV v. United States, 502 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2007) ("Corus II")). Plaintiff argues that these decisions are not precedents supporting the use of zeroing in this case, citing language in Dongbu in which the Court of Appeals stated that it had "never considered" the precise question of whether Commerce permissibly could interpret the statute to allow use of zeroing in administrative reviews even after the Department had ceased to use zeroing in investigations. Pl.'s Mot. 3-4; Dongbu, 635 F.3d at 1370.

The court first addresses the question of the authority under which it may reconsider its prior order. The authority under which plaintiff moves, USCIT Rule 59(a)(2), does not apply in this instance. USCIT Rule 59(a)(2) applies "[a]fter a nonjury trial" and allows the court to reconsider prior decisions when a party moves for a new trial or rehearing "not later than 30 days after the entry of the judgment or order." USCIT R. 59(b). Although the Court of International Trade previously has concluded that the concept of a "nonjury trial" encompasses matters, such as this case, decided on the agency record, see NSK Corp. v. United States, 32 CIT ___, ___, 593 F.Supp.2d 1355, 1362 (2008), Rule 59(a)(2) does not authorize the court to hear plaintiff's motion because plaintiff's motion, filed on April 5, 2011, came more than thirty days after the court's decision in Union II, which was on September 28, 2009. See Union II, 33 CIT at ___, 645 F.Supp.2d at 1298; Pl.'s Mot; USCIT R. 6(b)(2) ("The court must not extend the time to act under ... 59(b)"). Nothing in the court's rules, however, provides that USCIT Rule 59 is the only method by which the court can review a remand order. See Timken Co. v. United States, 6 CIT 76, 78, 569 F.Supp. 65, 68 (1983).

The alternative authority cited by plaintiff, USCIT Rule 60(b)(6), also is inapplicable to plaintiff's motion. See USCIT Rule 60(b)(6) (stating that "the court may relieve a party ... from a final judgment, order or proceeding for ... any other reason that justifies relief."). As the advisory notes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure clarify, Rule 60(b) applies only to final decisions. Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b), advisory notes ("[I]nterlocutory judgments are not brought within the restrictions of the rule."). The court's remand order in Union II, however, was not a final order.

Instead, the court may reconsider its decision in Union II pursuant to its general authority, which is recognized by USCIT Rule 54, to reconsider a non-final order prior to entering final judgment. Rule 54 states that "any order ... that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties does not end the action ... and may be revised at any time before the entry of judgment." USCIT R. 54(b). As has been observed with respect to the analogous Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b), motions for reconsideration not subject to Rule 60(b) "are left subject to the complete power of the court rendering them to afford such relief from them as justice requires." See Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b), advisory notes. This authority is recognized by at least one prior decision of this court, which stated that "the court retains the plenary power to modify or alter its prior non-final rulings, particularly where the equitable powers of the court are invoked." Timken, 6 CIT at 78, 569 F.Supp. at 68.2

The court concludes that reconsideration of its prior decision affirming the use of zeroing is warranted in this case. In two decisions issued this year, JTEKT Corp. v. United States, 642 F.3d 1378, 1383-85 (Fed.Cir.2011) and Dongbu, the Court of Appeals has held that the final results of administrative reviews in which zeroing was used must be remanded so that Commerce may explain its interpreting the language of § 1677(35) inconsistently with respect to the use of zeroing in investigations and the use of zeroing in administrative reviews. Following the decisions of the Court of Appeals in JTEKT Corp. and Dongbu, remands to the Department for such an explanation have been ordered in previous cases before this court. See, e.g., SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 35 CIT ___, ___, 800 F.Supp.2d 1316, 1325-27 (2011); SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 35 CIT ___, ___, Slip Op. 11-94, at 10-13, 2011 WL 3320637 (Aug. 2, 2011); JTEKT Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT ___, ___, 780 F.Supp.2d 1357, 1361-64 (2011).

The court concludes, upon reconsidering its decision in Union II, that it is appropriate to set aside its affirmance of the use of zeroing and to direct Commerce to provide the explanation contemplated by the Court of Appeals in Dongbu and JTEKT Corp., each of which decisions questioned the legality of the Department's construction of § 1677(35) and declined to affirm the judgment of the Court of International Trade upholding that construction. See Dongbu, 635 F.3d at 1371-73; JTEKT Corp., 642 F.3d at 1383-85. The issues and decision memorandum ("Decision Memorandum") that Commerce issued to accompany the Final Results attempts to explain the inconsistent interpretation of § 1677(35) using a rationale essentially the same as the one the Court of Appeals rejected in JTEKT Corp. Decision Mem. 5. The Decision Memorandum provides a list of differences between investigations and administrative reviews and then concludes that "[b]ecause of these distinctions," the Department's inconsistent interpretation of § 1677(35) was not "improper." Id. The distinctions listed in the Decision Memorandum include the different comparison methods for calculating a dumping margin in an investigation or an administrative review, id. at 4-5 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d); 19 C.F.R. § 351.414), and the fact that investigations determine whether an antidumping duty order will be imposed, while administrative reviews establish antidumping duty assessment rates, id. at 5.3 Missing, however, is reasoning adequate to link these differences to the Department's varying constructions of the words of the statutes in the two contexts. The Court of Appeals concluded in JTEKT Corp. that providing this list of differences "failed to address the relevant question—why is it a reasonable interpretation of the statute to zero in administrative reviews, but not in investigations?" JTEKT Corp., 642 F.3d at 1384.

The arguments other parties to this case advance in opposition to reconsideration do not persuade the court. Defendant argues that Dongbu does not justify reconsideration of the decision in Union II because Dongbu was limited to its unique procedural setting, in which Commerce lacked any opportunity to respond to the plaintiff's statutory interpretation argument. Def.'s Opp'n 6. The court does not read the opinion in Dongbu so narrowly as to consider the reasoning of Dongbu inapplicable here. To do so would miss the more general point that in Dongbu, as well as in JTEKT Corp., the Court of Appeals refused to affirm a judgment of the Court of International Trade affirming the use of zeroing in an administrative review. Moreover, JTEKT Corp. vacated a judgment upholding the Department's use of zeroing when the Department not only had an opportunity to explain such use but did so using essentially the same rationale as Commerce offered here.

U.S. Steel argues that the court should not reconsider the decision in Union II upholding zeroing because Dongbu did not change the controlling law, instead holding the Department's inconsistent interpretation of § 1677(35) to be insufficiently explained but not necessarily unlawful. U.S. Steel's Opp'n 5-6. The court agrees with U.S. Steel's argument in one respect: Dongbu did not hold unlawful any conceivable construction of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) that allows for a different result as to the use of zeroing in investigations as opposed to reviews. It does not follow, however, that the court may not, or should not, reconsider its prior decision in Union II affirming the use of zeroing in the thirteenth review. To the contrary, reconsideration is appropriate now that the Court of Appeals, in JTEKT Corp. and Dongbu, has questioned the Department's statutory construction and declined to affirm judgments of the Court of International Trade that resolved zeroing claims on essentially the reasoning the court employed in Union II. The decisions in JTEKT Corp. and Dongbu indicate, at the least, that the Department's interpretation of § 1677(35) is unsustainable absent an explanation different from the one the Department put forth in the thirteenth review. See JTEKT Corp., 642 F.3d at 1383-85; Dongbu, 635 F.3d at 1371-73.

Nucor's objections are similarly unpersuasive. Nucor cites the fact that Union's motion for reconsideration was filed more than thirty days after the court's decision in Union II, thus making reconsideration under USCIT Rule 59(a) unavailable, and also cites the inapplicability of USCIT Rule 60(b) to the non-final order issued in Union II. Nucor's Opp'n 2-4. Nucor's arguments do not negate the general authority of the court to reconsider non-final orders, as recognized by USCIT Rule 54(b).

In summary, remand in this case is appropriate so that Commerce may alter its decision to apply zeroing with respect to Union in the thirteenth review or, alternatively, provide an explanation as contemplated in JTEKT Corp. and Dongbu, i.e., an explanation of how the language of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) as applied to the use of zeroing permissibly may be construed in one way with respect to investigations and the opposite way with respect to administrative reviews.

III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

Upon consideration of all proceedings and submissions herein, and upon due deliberation, it is hereby

ORDERED that the Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand (April 11, 2011), ECF No. 143 ("Second Remand Results") be, and hereby are, affirmed with respect to the decision stated therein to modify the Department's model match methodology; it is further

ORDERED that plaintiff's motion for leave to file a reply in support of the Second Remand Results be, and hereby is, DENIED as moot; it is further

ORDERED that plaintiff's Motion for Reconsideration, filed on April 5, 2011, be, and hereby is, GRANTED; it is further

ORDERED that the court's previous affirmance of the decision of the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or the "Department") in Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Notice of Final Results of the Thirteenth Admin. Review, 73 Fed.Reg. 14,220 (Mar. 17, 2008) ("Final Results") to apply the Department's zeroing methodology be, and hereby is, set aside; it is further

ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce must reconsider its decision in the Final Results to apply its zeroing methodology and must either alter that decision or explain how the language of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) permissibly may be construed in one way with respect to the use of the zeroing methodology in antidumping investigations and the opposite way with respect to the use of that methodology in antidumping administrative reviews, and shall recalculate any antidumping duty margin applied to plaintiff that is affected by an alteration of that decision; it is further

ORDERED that Commerce shall file the results of its remand redetermination with the court not later than sixty (60) days from the date of this Opinion and Order, and that plaintiff and defendant-intervenors shall have thirty (30) days from the date on which Commerce files its remand redetermination to file any comments thereon; and it is further

ORDERED that defendant shall be allowed fifteen (15) days from the last filing of any comments by plaintiff or defendant-intervenors in which to file a rebuttal or other response to the comments of plaintiff or defendant-intervenors.